A   B   C   D   E   F   G   H   I   J   K   L   M   N   O   P   Q   R   S   T   U   V   W   X   Y   Z   Find in Page A   Acetylcholine [Classic paper] by George B. Koelle† Acetylcholine receptor by Jean-Pierre Changeux and Yoav Paas Acetylcholine receptors, muscarinic by Robert S. Aronstam and Henry L. Puhl Acetylcholine receptors, nicotinic by Edson X. Albuquerque Acetylcholinesterase by Palmer Taylor Activin by Wolfgang H. Fischer Acupuncture neurophysiology by Bruce Pomeranz Addiction by Harold Kalant Addiction, the anatomy of by David C.S. Roberts and Drake Morgan Adenosine by Peter Schubert Adenosine triphosphate as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator by Geoffrey Burnstock Adoption research: a brief overview by Gagan S. Khera and Jenae M. Neiderhiser Adrenergic nervous system by Annica Dahlström Adrenergic receptors by Amy C. Porter and John W. Regan Aggression/impulsivity: neurobiologic correlates by Ernest S. Barratt Aging of the brain by Arnold B. Scheibel Aging of the brain and Alzheimer's disease by Donald L. Price, Marilyn Albert, Juan Troncoso, David R. Borchelt and Philip C. Wong Agnosia by Daniel Tranel and Natalie L. Denburg Agraphia by Steven W. Anderson, Daniel Tranel and Natalie L. Denburg Agrin by Markus A. Ruegg and U.J. McMahon Alcohol: ethanol antagonists/amethystic agents by Amanda J. Roberts and George F. Koob Alcoholism [Classic paper] by Donald W. Goodwin† Alexia by Daniel Tranel and Natalie L. Denburg Altruism and helping behaviors, neurobiology by Jaak Panksepp Aluminum by Daniel P. Perl Alzheimer's disease by George Perry and Mark A. Smith Alzheimer's disease, molecular genetics of by Robin Sherrington and Peter H. St George-Hyslop Alzheimer's disease, transgenic mouse models of by Karen Hsiao Ashe Alzheimer's disease: MRI imaging of progressive brain change by Paul M. Thompson and Arthur W. Toga Ammonia by Elling Kvamme and Sven Ivar Walaas Amnesia by Larry R. Squire Amphetamines by Norman J. Uretsky and Lane J. Wallace Amygdala by Joseph L. Price Amyloid beta proteins and presenilins by Carmela R. Abraham Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by Hiroshi Mitsumoto Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex of Guam by Daniel P. Perl Androgens and estrogens in the brain by Thomas O. Fox, Stuart A. Tobet and Michael J. Baum Anesthesia, effects on cognitive functions by John F. Kihlstrom, Daniel L. Schacter and Randall C. Cork Anesthesia, mechanisms of by Luke M. Kitahata Anesthesia, nerve block by Elizabeth A.M. Frost Angelman syndrome by Roberto T. Zori and Charles A. Williams Angiotensin [Classic paper] by Alan N. Epstein† Animal migration: orientation and navigation by Charles Walcott Ankyrin by Anthony J. Baines, Alexander A. Hopitzan and Ekaterini Kordeli Anorexia nervosa by Karl M. Pirke, Detlev Ploog and Reinhold G. Laessle Antidepressants by Elliott Richelson Antipsychotic drugs by Stuart C. Yudofsky, Lauren B. Marangell, Jonathan M. Silver and Robert E. Hales Anxiety and anxiety disorders by David V. Sheehan and Kathy H. Sheehan Anxiety, drug therapy by David V. Sheehan, Kathy H. Sheehan and Jerrold G. Bernstein† Aphasia, acquired by Edgar B. Zurif Aplysia: neural and molecular mechanisms of simple forms of learning: sensitization, classical and operant conditioning by John H. Byrne, Evangelos G. Antzoulatos and Diasinou Fioravante Aplysia: peptide hormones and pheromone control by Gregg Thomas Nagle and Sherry D'aun Painter Aplysia: tool in neuroscience research by Irving Kupfermann† Apoptosis (programmed cell death) in the nervous system by Glyn Dawson Appetite or body weight regulation and their disorders, brain function in by Sarah F. Leibowitz Apraxia by E. De Renzi Aquaporins in the mammalian CNS by John E. Rash and C. Sue Furman Architectonics, modular, of neural centers [Classic paper] by János Szentágothai† Arousal: the activation of behavior by Donald W. Pfaff and Donald B. Lindsley† Ascorbate by Lelland C. Tolbert Aspartame by Donald L. Schomer Aspartate by Pamela E. Potter Asperger syndrome by Elisabeth L. Hill Association cortex by Deepak N. Pandya Astrocytes and neurons, reciprocal communication between by Paulo Magalhães and Giorgio Carmignoto Ataxia, cerebellar by William Thomas Thach Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by Louise S. Kiessling Attention, mechanisms of by Amir Raz Auditory system: central auditory pathways by John C. Middlebrooks Autism by Simon Baron-Cohen Autonomic dysfunction: clinical disorders and pathophysiological mechanisms by Robert W. Hamill Autonomic nervous system: nature and functional neuroanatomy by Robert W. Hamill Awareness, the functional neuroanatomy of by John R. Smythies Axon by Stephen G. Waxman Axonal (axoplasmic) transport by Sidney Ochs Axonal transport, disorders of by Paul N. Hoffman, John W. Griffin, Philip C. Wong and Donald L. Price Axonal transport, retrograde: route of entry for trophic factors, neurotoxins and viruses into the nervous system by Scott T. Brady and Martin E. Schwab   B   Babinski's reflex, sign of by William M. Landau Bacterial chemotaxis: a sensory and signalling system at the molecular level by Gerald L. Hazelbauer Balance and posture control, human by Lewis M. Nashner Balint syndrome by Natalie L. Denburg and Daniel Tranel Banking human neurospecimens by Wallace W. Tourtellotte, Rashed M. Nagra, Roscoe Atkinson, Robert W. Baumhefner, James Riehl and Diane Guntrip Barrels, vibrissae, and topographic representations by Thomas A. Woolsey Basal forebrain in the context of neuropsychiatric disorders by Lennart Heimer and George Alheid Basal ganglia, models of function: normal and disease by Thomas Wichmann and Mahlon R. DeLong Basal ganglia: anatomy and functional organization by Michael D. Crutcher Basal nucleus of Meynert by Fabrizio Tagliavini Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in neurogenesis by Yinghong Cheng and Emanuel DiCicco-Bloom Behavioral embryology: prenatal sensory and motor function by Gilbert Gottlieb Behavioral medicine by Stephen M. Weiss and Neal E. Miller† Behaviorism by William Vaughan, Jr. Bell's palsy by David Sternman Benzodiazepine receptors by Richard F. Squires and Hanns Mohler Benzodiazepines by Ian L. Martin Biofeedback by Paul Lehrer Birds: vision and visual system by Toru Shimizu Birdsong: the neurobiology of avian vocal learning by Richard Mooney Blindness, neural prostheses by F. Terry Hambrecht Blindsight, residual vision by L. Weiskrantz Blood pressure, central neuronal regulation of by Michael C. Andresen and J. Andrew Armour Blood-brain barrier [Classic paper] by William Oldendorf† Blood-brain barrier: penetration by solutes and cells by Milton W. Brightman Blood-brain barrier: peptides, cytokines and neurotrophins by Abba J. Kastin and Weihong Pan Body weight regulation: the ponderostat by Michel Cabanac Bombesin by Laurel A. Fisher Borderline personality disorder by Harold W. Koenigsberg and Larry J. Siever Borna disease virus: brain effects by Mady Hornig, Marylou Solbrig, W. Ian Lipkin and Thomas Briese Botulinum neurotoxin by Lance L. Simpson Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) by R. Bradley Brain asymmetry, animal by Jeffrey N. Carlson and Stanley D. Glick Brain cell growth in the human fetal forebrain by Karen Bonde Larsen, Grethe Badsberg Samuelsen, Nenad Bogdanovic, Henning Laursen, Niels Græm and Bente Pakkenberg Brain cell microenvironment by Charles Nicholson Brain cooling (hypothermia) and brain injury by W. Dalton Dietrich Brain damage: functional reorganization by Jordan Grafman and Eric Wassermann Brain death by Fred Plum Brain grafts by Stephen Dunnett Brain injury, functional recovery after by Donald G. Stein and Stuart W. Hoffman Brain injury, investigating metabolic aspects using magnetic resonance by Robert Vink and Ibolja Cernak Brain interactions with RF/microwave fields generated by mobile phones by W. Ross Adey Brain size by Harry J. Jerison Brain spectrin by Steven R. Goodman Brain stimulation reward by Peter M. Milner Brain stimulation, electrical, in mammals: principles and consequences by James B. Ranck Brain trauma by Marvin Bergsneider, Donald P. Becker and David A. Hovda Brain, hierarchical organization [Classic paper] by János Szentágothai† Brain, primitive, flatworms by Harold Koopowitz Brain-computer interface by Gert Pfurtscheller and Christa Neuper Brain-derived neurotrophic factor by Beat Knusel and James J.S. Treanor Brains, structural symmetries of by Valentino Braitenberg Brain-specific proteins by Myron Benuck and Abel Lajtha Brightness by Lewis O. Harvey, Jr. Brodmann's areas by Edward G. Jones   C   Cachexia and cytokines by Lisa E. Goehler Cadherins by Deanna L. Benson Calcium channels by Richard W. Tsien, Patrick T. Ellinor, Ji-Fang Zhang and Martha C. Nowycky Calcium modulated proteins (EF-hand) by Robert H. Kretsinger Capsaicin by Marlen Petersen Carbamazepine by Robert M. Post Carbon monoxide and the nervous system by James A. Raub and Vernon A. Benignus Carotid body, mammalian by Salvatore J. Fidone, Bruce Dinger and Constancio Gonzalez Cataplexy by Seiji Nishino Catatonia: pathophysiology and psychopathology of a psychomotor syndrome by Georg Northoff Cell culture, nerve cells by Dennis Higgins Cell lineage analysis in the vertebrate central nervous system by Christopher A. Walsh Central pattern generators, invertebrate by Allen I. Selverston and Yuri I. Arshavsky Cerebellum by Jan Voogd and Enrico Mugnaini Cerebellum, messenger molecules by Andrew M. Batchelor and John Garthwaite Cerebellum, network physiology by Rodolfo Llinás Cerebellum, pathology: symptoms and signs by Thomas W. Thach Cerebral circulation and its measurement by inert diffusible tracers by Peter Herscovitch Cerebral cortex by Edward G. Jones Cerebral cortex, microchemistry by Alfred Pope Cerebral cortex, radial unit hypothesis of development by Pasko Rakic Cerebral palsy by E. Stanley Emery Cerebrospinal fluid by David B. Kee and James H. Wood Cerebrovascular disease by Christopher S. Ogilvy and Robert G. Ojemann Cetacean central nervous system by Sam H. Ridgway Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (peroneal muscular atrophy) by Agha M. Raza and Rup Tandan Chemical neuroanatomy with special reference to coexistence of multiple synaptic messengers by Tomas Hökfelt Chemical transmission, the squid giant synapse by Rodolfo R. Llinás Chimeras, mammalian by Richard J. Mullen Chloride channels by Virginia E. Wotring Chlorpromazine: historical aspects by Judith P. Swazey Cholecystokinin by Rosalyn S. Yalow and John Eng Choline by Xiaonan Zhu and Steven H. Zeisel Cholinergic neurons: pathways, diseases by M.-Marsel Mesulam Choroid plexus and volume transmission by Conrad E. Johanson Chromaffin cells: model cells for neuronal cell biology by Philip D. Marley and Bruce G. Livett Chromatolysis by Arthur LaVelle and Faith W. LaVelle Ciliary neurotrophic factor by Michael Sendtner Cingulate cortex by Brent A. Vogt Circadian rhythms by Terry L. Page Circuits, neural by Theodore H. Bullock Circumventricular organs by Alan Kim Johnson Clinical tolerance by Randolph H. Hastings, Gery Schulteis and Matthew B.Weinger Clonidine in the treatment of substance withdrawal syndromes by Robert M. Swift Clozapine by Herbert Y. Meltzer Cocaine by Roger D. Weiss Cochlear mechanics by Jonathan Ashmore Cochlear prosthesis by Gerald E. Loeb and Blake S. Wilson Cognition by John C. Marshall and Jennifer M. Gurd Cognition in aging and age-related disease by Elizabeth A. Kensinger and Suzanne Corkin Cognition, neuroimaging by Silvia A. Bunge and Itamar Kahn Cognition, unconscious processes by John F. Kihlstrom Cognitive aging by Sandra Weintraub Cognitive disabilities, diagnosis by Abigail B. Sivan Cognitive function: sex differences and hormonal influences by Elizabeth Hampson Cognitive neuroscience: what is it and why? by C.M. Wessinger, R. Fendrich and M.S. Gazzaniga Colliculus, superior by Peter H. Schiller Color vision by Nigel W. Daw Color vision and Retinex theory [Classic paper] by Edwin H. Land† Color vision and Retinex theory: Postscript by Robert L. Savoy Color vision, deficiencies by Leo M. Hurvich Columnar organization of the cerebral cortex (cortical columns) by James C. Lynch Coma by Fred Plum Computational neuroscience by Terrence J. Sejnowski Computer and brain by Michael A. Arbib Cone photopigments by Gerald H. Jacobs Confocal laser scanning microscopy by Floris G. Wouterlood and Marjolein Vinkenoog Consciousness and the brain: theoretical aspects by Giulio Tononi Consciousness: neural basis of conscious experience by Benjamin Libet Control systems: feedback, feedforward, and adaptive strategies by James C. Houk and Steven Lehman Conus venom neuropeptides by Lourdes J. Cruz and Elsie C. Jimenez Convulsive therapy (electroshock: ECT) by Max Fink Cooperation in brain and neural function by Hermann Haken Cornsweet effect by Dale Purves and R. Beau Lotto Corollary discharge [Classic paper] by Volker Henn† Corpus callosum by Sandra F. Witelson and Debra L. Kigar Corpus callosum: ontogenetic exuberance by Herbert P. Killackey Cortical maps: reorganization by Jon H. Kaas Cortical motor columns [Classic paper] by Hiroshi Asanuma† Cortical neurons by Alan Peters Cortisol in normal and abnormal brain by Victor I. Reus and Owen M. Wolkowitz Cranial nerves - a new perspective and classification by George Székely and Clara Matesz Cranial-cervical dystonia by Joseph Jankovic Craniotomy by Barry H. Smith Crayfish: escape reaction, lateral giant neuron-mediated by Franklin B. Krasne CREB and memory by Alcino J. Silva and Sandra Peña de Ortiz Cross-modal sensory connections in normal and experimentally altered brains by Douglas O. Frost Crustacean nervous system control of behavior by Hugo Aréchiga† Cyclic nucleotides by Benjamin Weiss and Genoveva Davidkova Cysticercosis, cerebral by Mark Arthur Goldberg Cytokines and the brain by Adrian J. Dunn and Jianping Wang Cytoskeleton, neuron by Kenneth S. Kosik and Peter W. Baas   D   Deafness by Joseph E. Hawkins Death of neurons during development by Gayle Middleton Degeneration by Bert Csillik and Elizabeth Knyihar-Csillik Dementia by Norman R. Relkin and Fred Plum Demyelinating diseases by Barry G.W. Arnason Demyelination, demyelinating antibodies by Fredrick J. Seil Dendrites, dendrodendritic interactions by Gordon M. Shepherd Dendrites, physiology by Emilio E. Décima Dendritic spines by Kristen M. Harris Dendritic spines: plasticity, pathology and changes with age by Eva Fifková Depression in childhood and adolescence by Alan E. Kazdin Depression: structural and functional neuroimaging studies by Sergio Paradiso and Robert Robinson Diabetes: effects on the nervous system by Henry C. Powell and Andrew P. Mizisin Dialysis, intracranial by Elizabeth D. Abercrombie and Michael J. Bickerdike Dialytrode technique by José M.R. Delgado Dichotic listening studies of brain lateralization by Kenneth Hugdahl Diffuse (volume) transmission by Laurent Descarries and Nicolas Aznavour Dinosaur brains by Harry J. Jerison Dopamine by Robert H. Roth Dopamine receptors by Frank I. Tarazi and Ross J. Baldessarini Dopamine systems by John D. Elsworth and Robert H. Roth Down syndrome by Charles J. Epstein Dreaming by J. Allan Hobson Drinking behavior [Classic paper] by Allan N. Epstein † Drives, biology of by Evelyn Satinoff Drug craving, the neurobiology of by Agu Pert Dynamic clamp: modeling with biological neurons by Eve Marder, Astrid A. Prinz and L. F. Abbott Dynein by Richard B. Vallee Dynorphin opioids by Charles Chavkin Dysautonomia, familial by Susan A. Slaugenhaupt Dyslexia by Albert M. Galaburda and Glenn D. Rosen Dyspraxia, developmental by Elisabeth L. Hill Dystonia: classification, genetics, and therapeutics by David Swope, Pullanipally Shashidharan and Mitchell F. Brin Dystonia-parkinsonism syndrome, X-linked (XDP) by Ulrich Müller Dystrophin, the dystrophin associated protein complex, and muscular dystrophy by Hart G.W. Lidov   E   Eating disorders by Domeena C. Renshaw Echolocation by Nobuo Suga and Curtis J. Condon EEG, definitions and general characteristics by F.H. Lopes da Silva EEG, its future in assessing neurocognitive functioning by Alan Gevins Eicosanoids by Daniele Piomelli Electric organs, fish by Michael V.L. Bennett and Harold Zakon Electroencephalography and neural sources by Paul L. Nunez Electromagnetic fields, the modulation of brain tissue functions: a possible paradigm shift in biology by W. Ross Adey Electromyography and nerve conduction studies by Jeremy M. Shefner and Robert R. Young Electroreceptors and electrosensing by Theodore H. Bullock Electroretinogram, electrophysiology by Donald C. Hood Emmetropization by Josh Wallman Emotion, facial expression by Erika L. Rosenberg and Paul Ekman Emotional circuits in the brain by Joseph E. LeDoux Encephalitis by Kenneth L. Tyler Encephalomyelitis, experimental allergic by Stephanie B. Conant and Robert H. Swanborg Encephalopathy, hepatic by Anthony S. Basile Endomorphins by James E. Zadina Enrichment, response of the brain by Marian Cleeves Diamond Enteric nervous system by Michael D. Gershon Entorhinal cortex by Ana Solodkin and Gary W. Van Hoesen Ependymins: adhesion proteins of the extracellular matrix and CNS plasticity by Victor E. Shashoua and Rupert Schmidt Ephrins by Elena B. Pasquale Epidermal growth factor: receptor and activity in the central nervous system by Harley Kornblum and Richard S. Morrison Epilepsy by William H. Theodore Epilepsy, antiepileptic drugs by Roger J. Porter Epileptogenesis, secondary (mirror focus) [Classic paper] by Frank Morrell† Epithelial conduction by Peter A.V. Anderson Estrous and menstrual cycle, neuroendocrine control by M. Susan Smith Event-related potentials (ERPs) and cognitive processing by Steven A. Hillyard Evoked potentials, auditory, human by Terence W. Picton Evoked potentials, clinical by Keith H. Chiappa and Rosamund A. Hill Evoked potentials, recording methods by David Regan and Marian P. Regan Evoked potentials, visual, human by David Regan Evolution of vertebrate brains by R. Glenn Northcutt Excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters by Carl W. Cotman, J.S. Kahle and Jolanta Ulas Excitotoxicity by Lee J. Martin Exocytosis and endocytosis in neurons by Thierry Galli and Fabienne Paumet Extracellular matrix of the peripheral and central nervous systems by Russell T. Matthews and Susan Hockfield Extrapersonal space, command and control by Apostolos P. Georgopoulos Eye movement, tracking by Richard J. Krauzlis and Leland S. Stone Eye tracking dysfunction and mental illness by Philip S. Holzman and Deborah L. Levy Eye-head coordination [Classic paper] by Volker Henn†   F   Feeding: control of eating by Gerard P. Smith Fetal alcohol syndrome by Edward P. Riley, Sarah N. Mattson and Jennifer D. Thomas Fibronectin by Paul C. Letourneau Figure-ground separation by visual cortex by Stephen Grossberg Fluorescence microscopy in the neurosciences by Floris G. Wouterlood Fly, processing of visual motion information and its role in visual orientation by Martin Egelhaaf, Roland Kern, Rafael Kurtz and Anne-Kathrin Warzecha Fly, visual system by Doekele G. Stavenga and Henk A. K. Mastebroek Food additives, excitotoxic by John W. Olney Foods and food constituents, acute effects on human behavior by Harris R. Lieberman Fragile X syndrome by W. Ted Brown and Edmund C. Jenkins Free radicals in brain functions and failures by Garry R. Buettner, Fred E. Samson and Freya Q. Schafer Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) by Robert L. Savoy   G   Galanin, role in memory processes and Alzheimer's disease by Jacqueline N. Crawley Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by Arne Schousboe and Helle S. Waagepetersen Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors by Trevor G. Smart and Philip Thomas Gangliosides by Allan JamesYates and Hany E. Saqr Gap junctions by Michael V.L. Bennett Gating currents by Enrico Stefani and Francisco Bezanilla Gaucher disease by Ari Zimran and Deborah Elstein Gaze, control and plasticity by Kathleen E. Cullen and Pierre A. Sylvestre Gene expression in the mammalian brain by J. Gregor Sutcliffe Genes and behavior in Drosophila by Jeffrey C. Hall Geniculate bodies, lateral by Pedro Pasik and Tauba Pasik Genital sensory system by Chishimba N. Mowa and Raymond E. Papka Giant nerve fibers [Classic paper] by J.Z. Young† Glaucomas by Rita Naskar, Frank Schuettauf and Evan Benjamin Dreyer Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor by Paul A. Lapchak and Dalia M. Araujo Glial cell pathology by Paul E. McKeever Glial cells in insects by Laurent Soustelle and Angela Giangrande Glial cells: functions by George G. Somjen Glial cells: morphology, development and function in the CNS by Joel A. Black and Bruce R. Ransom Glial growth factors by Hideo Kimura Glucocorticoids by Bruce S. McEwen Glutamate by J.W. Olney Glutamate receptors in the central nervous system by Elias K. Michaelis Glycine by Robert A. Davidoff Golgi method by Miguel Marín-Padilla Gonadotropins by Neena B. Schwartz G-proteins and neuronal signal transduction by Ethan S. Burstein and Mark R. Brann Gravitational effects on brain and behavior by Laurence R. Young Growth cones by María D. Ganfornina and Michael J. Bastiani Growth hormone by Christin Carter-Su and Kelly E. Mayo Growth hormone releasing factor (GRF): an historical note by Roger Guillemin GTP-binding proteins and mechanisms of memory storage by Thomas J. Nelson, Bernard G. Schreurs and Daniel L. Alkon   H   Hair cells: sensory transduction by Jeffrey R. Holt and David P. Corey Hallucinogenic drugs by John R. Smythies Handedness by Sandra F. Witelson, M. Barbara Bulman-Fleming, M. Philip Bryden† and David M. Kideckel Headache by F. Clifford Rose Hearing and echolocation: dolphin by Sam H. Ridgway and Whitlow W.L. Au Heart, neural control by J. Andrew Armour Hebbian synapses by Thomas H. Brown, Sharon Furtak and Derick H. Lindquist Hemispheric specialization by Karen E. Luh Hereditary spastic paraplegia by John K. Fink Heroin (diacetylmorphine) by Clifford M. Knapp Herpes simplex virus and its use in neuroscience research by Andreas H. Jacobs and Xandra O. Breakefield Hibernation by Thomas S. Kilduff Higher brain function, brain organization by N. Bechtereva Hippocampal slice preparation by Philip A. Schwartzkroin Hippocampus by Robert L. Isaacson Hippocampus: memory models by Howard Eichenbaum Histamine by Jean-Charles Schwartz and Jean-Michel Arrang Hodgkin-Huxley analysis by Charles F. Stevens Holography, holonomy, and brain function by Karl Pribram Homeobox and nervous system development by Katsuo Furukubo-Tokunaga Homology by Ann B. Butler Homoplasy by Ann B. Butler Honeybee learning by Joachim Erber and Ricarda Scheiner Horseradish peroxidase by Teresa A. Milner Human immunodeficiency virus infection, neurological complications by Walter Royal, Justin C. McArthur and Richard T. Johnson Huntington's disease by James F. Gusella and Marcy E. MacDonald Hydra, nervous system by Sabine A.H. Hoffmeister and H. Chica Schaller Hydrocephalus by Michael D. Medlock Hyper- and hypokalemic periodic paralysis: genetic disorders of the voltage-gated ion channels of the skeletal muscle by Bertrand Fontaine, Nacira Tabti and Damien Sternberg Hypnosis: brain basis by David Spiegel and Paul Jasiukaitis Hypocretin (orexin) by Thomas S. Kilduff Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones by Samuel M. McCann Hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis by Paul E. Micevych and Roger A. Gorski Hypoxia by Elizabeth A.M. Frost   I   Identified neurons and behavioral determinism by Ron Hoy Illusions by Richard L. Gregory Immune response in neural transplantation, modulation of by Paul R. Sanberg and Cesario V. Borlongan Immune system-central nervous system interactions by Nicholas R.S. Hall Immunofluorescence by Teresa A. Milner Imprinting by Gilbert Gottlieb and Johan J. Bolhuis Induced rhythms by Theodore H. Bullock Inferior olive neuron, electrophysiology by Rodolfo Llinás Information theory and brain function [Classic paper] by Donald M. MacKay † Infrared sense by Peter H. Hartline Insect communication, interspecific by Ron Hoy Insect neurobiology and robotics by Fred Delcomyn Insect walking by Fred Delcomyn Instinct, evolving concept: toad model by Jörg-Peter Ewert Insulin and the brain by Jesse Roth, Margarita Raygada, Sherin Devaskar, Chahrzad Montrose-Rafizadeh and Derek LeRoith Insulin coma therapy (ICT) by Max Fink Insulin-like growth factors in the nervous system by Carolyn A. Bondy Integration, neural by Theodore H. Bullock Intelligence by Nathan Brody Interneurons by Elzbieta Jankowska Inward rectifier potassium channels by Lisa R. Conti, Dmitri Leonoudakis and Carol A. Vandenberg Ion channels, neuronal channelopathies by Dimitri M. Kullmann Iron in the brain, normal and pathological by Moussa B.H. Youdim and Peter Riederer Ischemia by Kimberly Panizzon and Roi Ann Wallis   K   Kindling by Dan C. McIntyre Kinesin and kinesin-related proteins by Scott T. Brady Kinesthesia, kinesthetic perception by D. Ian McCloskey   L   Language by Willem J.M. Levelt Language after congenital or acquired injury to the immature brain by Maureen Dennis Language development: mechanisms in the brain by Colwyn Trevarthen Language evolution by Uwe Jürgens Language in the disconnected right hemisphere by Eran Zaidel Language learning impairments by Paula Tallal Language, gestural by Carol Neidle and Robert G. Lee Language, neurology of by George A. Ojemann Language, nonhuman by D.M. Rumbaugh, E.S. Savage-Rumbaugh and J.P. Taglialatela Lateral line system by Alain Ghysen and Christine Dambly-Chaudière Laughter by Robert R. Provine Lead toxicity by Herbert L. Needleman Learning and memory by Richard F. Thompson Learning and memory, neural mechanisms by Andrew M. Poulos and Richard F. Thompson Learning and memory, neurochemical aspects by Rupert Schmidt Learning, invertebrate models of by John H. Byrne Learning, transfer of by Louis Neal Irwin Learning: early studies of molecular mechanisms by Louis Neal Irwin Leech, nervous system development by David A. Weisblat Lesch-Nyhan disease by William L. Nyhan Lie detectors/polygraph tests by Leonard Saxe and Theodore Cross Limbic system by Larry W. Swanson Lipids of the nervous system by Amiya K. Hajra and Bernard W. Agranoff Listing's plane of eye movements [Classic paper] by Volker Henn† and Dominik Straumann Lithium in psychiatric therapy by James W. Jefferson and John H. Greist Local circuit neurons by Pasko Rakic Locomotion control by Richard B. Stein Locus coeruleus by Gary Aston-Jones Locust flight by R. Meldrum Robertson Long-term depression by Masao Ito Long-term potentiation and memory by Timothy J. Teyler   M   Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by Robert L. Savoy Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain by Jeffry R. Alger Magnetic sense in animal navigation by Michael M. Walker Magnetoencephalography (neuromagnetism) by David Cohen and Eric Halgren Magnetoreception, the neurobiology of by Sönke Johnsen and Kenneth J. Lohmann Malnutrition, central nervous system effects by Peter J. Morgane, David J. Mokler and Janina R. Galler Mapping cerebral functional activity with radioactive deoxyglucose by Louis Sokoloff Marijuana, neurobiology of by Billy R. Martin Marsupials, nervous system by John R. Haight and John Irwin Johnson Mastication: neuronal control by Scott H. Chandler Maternal behavior, brain control by Michael Numan Mauthner cell by Henri Korn and Donald S. Faber MDMA ("ecstasy") by Jerry Frankenheim Mechanoreceptors by Paul R. Burgess, Kenneth W. Horch and Robert P. Tuckett Medial geniculate body by Jeffery A. Winer Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and its analogs by Abba J. Kastin, Curt A. Sandman, Gayle A. Olson and Richard D. Olson Melatonin by Richard J. Wurtman Membrane potential by Charles F. Stevens Membrane, neuronal: the "unit membrane" [Classic paper] by J. David Robertson† Memory consolidation by James L. McGaugh Memory trace by Richard F. Thompson Memory, distributed by Leon N. Cooper Memory, hormone influences by James L. McGaugh and Benno Roozendaal Memory: priming and procedural by John D. E. Gabrieli and Dafna Bergerbest Meningioma by William D. Hunter and Robert L. Martuza Meningitis by C. Alan Anderson and Kenneth L. Tyler Mental illness, epidemiology by Jack D. Burke and Darrel A. Regier Mental illness, genetics of by Kristen H. Lyall and David L. Pauls Mental illness, nutrition and by John W. Crayton Mental illness, social factors by Stephen C. Messer, Allen J. Frances and W. Randy Borum Mental imagery by Stephen M. Kosslyn, Lisa M. Shin and William L. Thompson Mental retardation by Terrence R. Dolan and Michael Friedlander Metabolism, brain proteins by David Dunlop and Abel Lajtha Metals, heavy, neurobiology by Bernard Weiss Metamorphosis (caterpillars, moths) by Richard B. Levine and James W. Truman Methadone: history, pharmacology, neurobiology, and use by Mark Green, Scott Kellogg and Mary Jeanne Kreek Methamphetamine hydrochloride: "Ice" by Arthur K. Cho and William P. Melega Microelectrodes, ion-selective by Charles Nicholson Microglia by M.B. Graeber Microneurography by Robert R. Young and Karl-Erik Hagbarth Microtubules and microtubule organizing centers by B.R. Brinkley Micturition, neural control of by William C. De Groat Migraine by F. Clifford Rose Mind, animal by Donald R. Griffin Mind/matter anomalies by Robert G. Jahn Mirror neurons by Christian Keysers Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies by Salvatore DiMauro, Eduardo Bonilla and Eric A. Schon Monoamine oxidase (MAO): functions in the central nervous system by Keith F. Tipton, Jeff O'Sullivan and Moussa B.H. Youdim Mood disorders by Alan J. Gelenberg Morphine by David Thomas Morphometric analysis in the nervous system by Dean E. Hillman Motion perception by Stelios M. Smirnakis, Andreas S. Tolias and Nikos K. Logothetis Motion sense [Classic paper] by Volker Henn† Motion sickness by James R. Lackner Motivation, appetitive, biological bases [Classic paper] by Sebastian P. Grossman† Motivation, aversive, biological bases [Classic paper] by Sebastian P. Grossman† Motoneurons by Robert E. Burke Motor control by Gerald E. Loeb Motor control, invertebrate by Hugo Aréchiga† and Fidel Ramón Motor cortex by Andrew B. Schwartz and Steven P. Wise Motor learning by Ferdinando A. Mussa-Ivaldi and Michael Kositsky Motor neuron disease (MND) by Martin Egon Westarp Motor system organization by Mario Wiesendanger Motor system organization [Classic paper] by Henricus G.J.M. Kuypers† Multiple sclerosis by Christopher T. Bever, Jr. and Kenneth P. Johnson Multiple-neuron experiments by George L. Gerstein Multisensory convergence and integration by Andrew J. King Muscle afferent innervation by Peter B.C. Matthews Muscle contraction, mechanics and control by John M. Squire Muscle receptors, mammalian by Arthur Prochazka and Jan Kowalczewski Muscle receptors, mammalian: spinal connections and motor function by Keir Pearson Muscle sense by Peter B.C. Matthews Muscle tone: hypertonus, spasticity, rigidity by William M. Landau Muscular dystrophies by Agha M. Raza and Rup Tandan Music by Robert J. Zatorre Myasthenia gravis by Jon M. Lindstrom Myelin by Arrel D. Toews and Pierre Morell† Myelin basic protein by Brian Popko Myelinated nerve fiber, form by Sidney Ochs Myopia by Josh Wallman   N   Narcolepsy by Mark W. Mahowald and Carlos H. Schenck Nausea and vomiting: clinically important protective responses by Paul L.R. Andrews Neglect (selective inattention) by M.-Marsel Mesulam Nematode C. elegans, nervous system by Cornelia L. Bargmann Neocortex, mammalian, ontogenesis by Miguel Marín-Padilla Nerve gas by John H. McDonough and Fred Samson Nerve growth cone by Karl H. Pfenninger Nerve growth factor by Rita Levi-Montalcini and Luigi Aloe Nerve nets by George Mackie Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) by Urs Rutishauser Neural coding by José Pedro Segundo Neural crest by Nicole M. Le Douarin and Catherine Ziller Neural development, genetics by William A. Harris Neural nets, modeling by Edwin R. Lewis Neural networks and neural computation by Michael A. Arbib Neural regeneration: possible role for Nogo-A, a myelin-associated inhibitor of neurite outgrowth by Isabel Klusman and Martin E. Schwab Neural stem cells and CNS diseases by Jean-Pyo Lee, Jitka Ourednik, Vaclav Ourednik, Kook In Park, Yang D. Teng and Evan Y. Snyder Neural synchrony and sensory awareness by Andreas K. Engel Neural tube defects, spinal and cranial by J. Gordon McComb Neuregulin-ErbB signaling: roles in regulating neurotransmitter receptor synthesis and development of the neuromuscular junction by Douglas L. Falls Neuroanatomical research techniques by Alan Peters Neuroanatomical tracing methods by Floris G. Wouterlood, José L. Lanciego and Lennart Heimer Neuroblastoma by Arthur S. Tischler Neurodegenerative disease, transgenic animal models by Mark E. Gurney , Arlene Y. Chiu and Mauro C. Dal Canto Neuroecology by R. Meldrum Robertson Neuroembryology by Joseph Altman and Shirley A. Bayer Neuroendocrinology by Lawrence A. Frohman Neuroethology, vertebrates by Gerhard Neuweiler Neurofibrillary changes by Henryk M. Wisniewski† and Guang Y. Wen Neurofibromatosis type 1 by David H. Viskochil Neurofibromatosis type 2: some answers, more questions by Jaime O. Claudio, Patrick Dion and Guy A. Rouleau Neurofilaments, the structure and function of by P.A. Loomis and R.D. Goldman Neuroimaging by Michael J. Fulham Neuroimmunomodulation by Novera Herbert Spector Neurolinguistics, computational by Michael A. Arbib Neurological examination: double simultaneous stimulation by Abigail B. Sivan and Arthur Benton Neurology by Raymond D. Adams Neuromas of nerve by David G. Kline Neurometric QEEG topography and tomology by E. Roy John and Leslie S. Prichep Neuromodulation by Laurent Descarries and Eric Fimbel Neuromuscular junction by Zach W. Hall and Peter B. Sargent Neuron by Enrico Mugnaini, Ema Ilijic and Adriana Ferreira Neuron doctrine by Gordon M. Shepherd Neuron, cable properties by Wilfrid Rall Neuronal growth-associated proteins by Rachael L. Neve, Larry I. Benowitz and Nora I. Perrone-Bizzozero Neuronal intermediate filaments by Raul Perez-Olle and Ronald K. H. Liem Neuronal migration by Pasko Rakic Neuronal morphology: development and maintenance of neuronal polarity by Garth F. Hall Neuronal receptors, molecular biology approaches by M.R. Brann and D.M. Weiner Neuropathy, peripheral by Peter James Dyck Neuropeptide precursors by Betty A. Eipper and Richard E. Mains Neuropeptide Y family by William F. Colmers Neuropeptides by Tomas Hökfelt and Viktor Mutt† Neuropeptides and behavior by David de Wied† and J. Peter H. Burbach Neuropeptides, invertebrate by Michael O'Shea Neuropharmacology by Marina R. Picciotto Neuroprotection by Illana Gozes Neuroscience, comparative by Theodore H. Bullock Neuroscience, early history of by Charles G. Gross Neurosciences Research Program and the beginning of modern Neuroscience by George Adelman and Barry H. Smith Neurosteroids by Paul Robel and Etienne-Emile Baulieu Neurosurgery (Surgical neurology) [Classic paper] by William H. Sweet† Neurotensin by Becky Kinkead and Charles B. Nemeroff Neurotoxins, neurotoxicology by Mohammad I. Sabri and Peter S. Spencer Neurotransmitters by Leslie Lars Iversen Neurotrophins by J. Regino Perez-Polo Neurovirology by Richard T. Johnson Niemann-Pick disease by John K. Fink Nightmare, sleep terror by Roger J. Broughton Nitric oxide in the nervous system by Masayuki Sasaki, Valina L. Dawson and Ted M. Dawson Nitrous oxide by Vesna Jevtovic-Todorovic NMDA receptors by Carl W. Cotman and Jolanta Ulas NMDA receptors in neuronal plasticity by Matthew T. Colonnese and Martha Constantine-Paton Nociceptive nerve cells, nociception and pain by Sally N. Lawson Nonsynaptic diffusion neurotransmission in the brain by Paul Bach-y-Rita Nootropic drugs by Alex Haahr Gouliaev Noradrenaline by R. Alan North Nystagmus [Classic paper] by Volker Henn†   O   Obesity, genetics of by L. Arthur Campfield and Françoise J. Smith Obsessive-compulsive disorder by Steven A. Rasmussen Octopus brain [Classic paper] by J.Z. Young† Octopus nervous system by Binyamin Hochner Oculomotor system, mechanisms by Masao Ito Odor and pheromone transduction by Frank Zufall and Trese Leinders-Zufall Olfaction by James E. Schwob and Maxwell M. Mozell Olfaction, insect by Karl-Ernst Kaissling Olfaction: odorant receptors by Laurence Dryer Olfactory bulb by Paul Q. Trombley and Gordon M. Shepherd Olfactory discrimination by James E. Schwob and Maxwell M. Mozell Olfactory ensheathing cells by Geoffrey Raisman Olfactory system, turnover, and regeneration by James E. Schwob Oligodendrocytes, inhibitors of neurite regeneration and plasticity by Josef P. Kapfhammer and Martin E. Schwab Opioid detoxification by Elizabeth A. M. Frost and Clifford Gevirtz Opioid receptors, multiple by Gavril W. Pasternak Opioids: role in neuroregulation of immune function by Richard J. Weber and Agu Pert Optic flow by Lucia M. Vaina and Scott A. Beardsley Optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tract by Benjamin E. Reese Optic tectum by Sansar C. Sharma, Jin Li and Enrique Garcia-Valenzuela Optical recording of neuronal activity by William Ross, Larry Cohen and Dejan Zecevic Oscillatory responses of the brain and cognitive correlates by Sirel Karakas and Erol Basar Oxytocin by Cort A. Pedersen   P   P2X receptors by Zhiyuan Li and Terrance M. Egan Pacemaker potential by Daniel K. Hartline Pain perception, images of: the distributed processing of noxious stimulation in the human brain by Robert C. Coghill and Gary H. Duncan Pain, animal by Howard H. Erickson and Mark L. Weiss Pain, chemical transmitter concepts by Lars Terenius Pain, chronic by Blaine S. Nashold, Jr. and Janice Ovelmen-Levitt Pain, emotion and drug-induced subjective states: applications of mulitvariate scaling (MVS) by W. Crawford Clark Pain, general by Ronald Melzack and Perry N. Fuchs Pain, neurophysiological mechanisms [Classic paper] by Patrick D. Wall† Pain, phantom limb [Classic paper] by William H. Sweet† Pain, surgical management of by Ronald R. Tasker Panic disorder, psychobiology by Farooq Dada, Dennis S. Charney and Andrew W. Goddard Paraganglia and paragangliomas by Arthur S. Tischler Paralyzed extremities, functional activation by P. Hunter Peckham Paramecium, the ionic basis of sensorimotor behavior [Classic paper] by Roger Eckert † Paraneoplastic disorders, neurological by Myrna R. Rosenfeld and Josep Dalmau Paraneurons by Tsuneo Fujita Parasitic diseases, nervous system effects by Karin Leder and Peter F Weller Parietal association cortex by James C. Lynch Parkinsonian syndromes by Ajit Kumar and Donald B. Calne Parrot speech by Irene Maxine Pepperberg Patch clamp by Jorge Golowasch and David P. Corey Peptide hormones: location by Rosalyn S. Yalow and John Eng Peptides, amphibian (skin) [Classic paper] by Vittorio Erspamer † and Giuliana Falconieri Erspamer Periaqueductal gray: columnar organisation and emotional coping by Richard Bandler and Kevin A. Keay Peripheral nerve regeneration by Ioannis Yannas, Juwell Wu and Mark Spilker Perirhinal cortex by Gary W. Van Hoesen and Ana Solodkin PET (positron emission tomography) by Martin Reivich PET and SPECT imaging by Henry N. Wagner Phencyclidine (PCP), ketamine, dextromethorphan and nitrous oxide by Jerry Frankenheim Phencyclidine neurotoxicity by John W. Olney Phenylketonuria by William L. Nyhan Phenytoin by Barry H. Smith Pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) by Lloyd A. Greene and Arthur S. Tischler Pheromones by Peter A. Brennan and Eric Keverne Phospholipids by Bernard W. Agranoff Photoreceptors and photoreceptor dysfunctions by Stephen H. Tsang, Kenneth R. Ziegler and Peter Gouras Phrenology by Charles G. Gross Pineal gland and melatonin by Russel J. Reiter Pioneer neurons by Diego Sánchez and Michael J. Bastiani Piriform cortex by James M. Bower Place cells, place learning by Robert U. Muller and Bruno Poucet Placebo effect by Howard L. Fields Plasticity of cerebral cortex in development by Jessica R. Newton and Mriganka Sur Plateau potential by Daniel K. Hartline Platelet-activating factor-mediated signaling in synaptic transmission and memory formation by Nicolas G. Bazan Play behavior by Robert W. Goy† and Fred B. Bercovitch Poliomyelitis [Classic paper] by Jonas Salk† Polyamines in the nervous system by Michel Baudry and Imad Najm Porphyria, acute intermittent by Wilfred Niels Arnold Post-polio syndrome by Lauro S. Halstead Postsynaptic mechanisms by Per Andersen Posttraumatic stress disorder: neurobiology by J. Douglas Bremner and Dennis S. Charney Potassium channels, calcium activated by Xiaowei Niu and Karl L. Magleby Potassium in neural tissue by Anthony R. Gardner-Medwin Potentials, rhythmic slow, behavioral correlates by Erol Basar, Martin Schürmann and Canan Basar-Eroglu Prader-Willi syndrome by Joan H.M. Knoll and Peter K. Rogan Prefrontal cortex by J.M. Fuster Premenstrual syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder by Mary Brown Parlee and Stephanie J. Bird Prion diseases by Adriano Aguzzi Prions, molecular biology of by Adriano Aguzzi Proctolin by Michael O'Shea Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) by Robert Day Prosopagnosia by Daniel Tranel and Natalie L. Denburg Prostheses, neural by F. Terry Hambrecht and William J. Protein kinases and neuronal excitability by Neil S. Magoski and Leonard K. Kaczmarek Proteolipids in the nervous system by Judith M. Greer and Marjorie B. Lees Pseudotumor cerebri by Thomas H. Milhorat and Paolo A. Bolognese Psychiatry, biological by Tarique Perera and Jack M. Gorman Psychoacoustics by Bertram Scharf Psychoanalysis [Classic paper] by Pietro Castelnuovo-Tedesco† Psychoanalysis and neurobiology by Robert W. McCarley Psycholinguistics by Nan Bernstein Ratner and Jean Berko Gleason Psychoneuroimmunology by Robert Ader Psychopharmacology by Susan D. Iversen Psychophysics by Trygg Engen Psychophysics and neurophysiology [Classic paper] by Donald M. MacKay † Psychosis [Classic paper] by Gardner C. Quarton† Purkinje cell electrophysiology by Rodolfo Llinás Pyramidal tract by Mario Wiesendanger   R   Rabies by Thomas L. Lentz Radial glial cells by Pasko Rakic Radio-frequency waves: nervous system effects by Eleanor R. Adair Reading disorders following brain injury by Joseph Zihl Red nucleus by James C. Houk, Ramin Sarrafizadeh and Lee Miller Reflex control of muscle by T. Richard Nichols and James C. Houk Reflex learning by Charles D. Woody Regeneration by Gerald E. Schneider and Rutledge Ellis-Behnke Reinforcement, neurochemical substrates by Larry Stein and James D. Belluzzi Relaxation response: physiology, history and clinical applications by Herbert Benson Remembering and forgetting: context discrimination by E.J. Capaldi and Ian Neath Renshaw cells by Elzbieta Jankowska Reproduction, neuroendocrine control of by Wael A. Salameh and Ronald S. Swerdloff Reptiles by Philip S. Ulinski Respiration, neural genesis and control by Morton I. Cohen Response synchronization in the visual cortex by Charles M. Gray Restless legs syndrome by Stacey L. Grab and James R. Connor Reticular formation, brain stem by Arnold Bernard Scheibel Retina, vertebrate by John E. Dowling Retinal development by Brian A. Turner and Janet R. Sparrow Retinal ganglion cells by Mark Wm. Dubin Retinitis pigmentosa by Eliot L. Berson Retinotectal interactions by S.C. Sharma and K. Patil Reye syndrome by Doris A. Trauner Rhodopsin by Thomas P. Sakmar Robotics by John M. Hollerbach   S   Saccades and their disorders by Christopher Kennard Savant syndrome by Oliver W. Sacks Schizophrenia by E. Strömgren† and Axel Bertelsen Schwann cell and axon relationships by Garth M. Bray and Hana C. Hyman Friedman Scratch reflex by Paul S.G. Stein Seasonal affective disorders and light therapy by Norman E. Rosenthal and Jeff R. Matthews Self-organization in the brain by Christoph von der Malsburg Sensory pleasure and alliesthesia by Michel Cabanac Sensory system, cutaneous by Lawrence Kruger and Joel D. Greenspan Sensory system, cutaneous receptors by Ainsley Iggo Serotonin by George K. Aghajanian Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) receptor subtypes: from genes to behavior by Zongqi Xia and Bryan L. Roth Sex differences and brain organization for speech and language by Catherine Mateer and Sandra Mish Sex differences in human brain and behavior by Thomas O. Fox, Stuart A. Tobet and Michael J. Baum Sexual behavior, brain control by Antonio A. Nunez and Lynwood Clemens Sexual differentiation by Bruce S. McEwen Signal transduction in neurons by phospholipid breakdown products by Jan Krzysztof Blusztajn and Barbara E. Slack Signal transduction, role of heterotrimeric GTP-regulatory proteins [Classic paper] by Martin Rodbell† Single neuron computation by William Softky and Christof Koch Size-principle [Classic paper] by Elwood Henneman† Sleep apnea by Jean Krieger Sleep disorders by J. Allan Hobson and Rosalia Silvestri Sleep oscillations by Mircea Steriade Sleep states and somatomotor activity by Michael H. Chase and Francisco R. Morales Sleep, behavior and cellular mechanisms by J. Allan Hobson Sleep: functional theories by J. Allan Hobson Sleeping sickness by Krister Kristensson and Marina Bentivoglio Social cognition by Ralph Adolphs Sociobiology by Charles J. Lumsden Sodium appetite by Allan N. Epstein† and Jay Schulkin Sodium pump by Jack H. Kaplan Somatosensory and pain measurement by statistical and sensory decision theory by W. Crawford Clark Somatosensory cortex by Jon H. Kaas Somatostatin by Seymour Reichlin Sound communication in anurans (frogs and toads), neuroethology of by H. Carl Gerhardt Sound localization in owls by Masakazu Konishi Spasticity by Robert R. Young SPECT brain imaging by Julie K. Staley and Patrizia Riccardi Speech development by Peter F. MacNeilage Speech movement disorders by Roxanne DePaul and James H. Abbs Speech, motor control by Peter F. MacNeilage Spike-triggered averaging [Classic paper] by Elwood Henneman† Spinal cord cell cultures by Phillip G. Nelson and Elaine A. Neale Spinal cord injury: erythropoietin as a repair-promoting factor by Alfredo Gorio and Anna Maria Di Giulio Spinal cord, dorsal horn by Henry J. Ralston Spinal cord, organization by Miklós Réthelyi Spinal cord, ventral horn, motoneurons by Daniel Kernell Spinal roots by Henry J. Ralston Split brain by Eran Zaidel, Dahlia W. Zaidel and Joseph E. Bogen Sporadic olivopontocerebellar atrophy and the dominantly inherited spinocerebellar ataxias by Sid Gilman Spreading depression by Romualdo José do Carmo Sprouting by Gerald E. Schneider and Julio J. Ramirez Squid axon by Francisco Bezanilla Stem cells and neural development by Mark F. Mehler and John A. Kessler Stereopsis, binocular perception by John P. Frisby Stereotactic surgery by Philip L Gildenberg Steroid hormone effects on the brain by Bruce S. McEwen Stomatogastric nervous system by Eve Marder and Petra Skiebe Stress neurochemistry by Adrian J. Dunn Striate cortex by Peter H. Schiller Stroke by Roi Ann Wallis Stuttering, developmental by Nagalapura S. Viswanath and David B. Rosenfield Substance abuse and dependence by Steven M. Mirin and Stuart A. Anfang Substance abuse, nonnarcotic drugs by Ethan Budd Substance P by Morris F. Tansky and Susan E. Leeman Surgery for intractable neuropsychiatric disorders by G. Rees Cosgrove and Scott L. Rauch Sympathetic nervous system, control of stress response by Arthur S.P. Jansen Sympathetic neurons, development and plasticity by Story C. Landis Synapse, morphology by George D. Pappas and E. George Gray† Synapse, postsynaptic density by Craig C. Garner and Johanna M. Montgomery Synapsins by Mikhail V. Khvotchev Synaptic plasticity by Carl W. Cotman and Jennifer S. Kahle Synaptic protein interactions and synaptic transmission by Elias K. Michaelis Synaptic rate effects by José Pedro Segundo Synaptic transmission: facilitation, augmentation, potentiation, depression by Karl L. Magleby Synaptic transmission: role of polyunsaturated fatty acids, prostaglandins and other eicosanoids [Classic paper] by Leonhard S. Wolfe† Synaptic vesicles by George D. Pappas Synaptic vesicles: isolation, functional heterogeneity, biophysics and life cycle by Victor P. Whittaker Synaptoneogenesis, regenerative, in the mammalian central nervous system by Elizabeth Knyihar-Csillik and Bert Csillik Synaptosome by Victor P. Whittaker Synesthesia: anomalous binding of qualia and categories by Richard E. Cytowic Syringomyelia by Nilesh A. Vyas and Joseph R. Madsen   T   Taste by David V. Smith and Christian H. Lemon Taste and smell disorders, human by Robert I. Henkin Taste buds by Albertino Bigiani Taste transduction by Stephen D. Roper Taste, psychophysics by Linda M. Bartoshuk Taurine by Julius D. Militante and John B. Lombardini Tay-Sachs disease by Emmanuel Shapira† and Hans C. Andersson Temperature down-regulation: anapyrexia by Michel Cabanac Temperature regulation and fever by John D. Griffin Terminal nerve by Leo S. Demski Tetanus toxin by Lance L. Simpson Texture perception by Michael S. Landy Thalamocortical interactions by Edward L. White, Dmitri L. Lev and Elizabeth Weinstein Thalamus by Mircea Steriade Thermoreceptors by David C. Spray and Sidney A. Simon Three-dimensional reconstruction of the nervous system by Dean E. Hillman Thymus and T cells by Vincent Geenen, Fabienne Brilot, Isabelle Hansenne, Chantal Renard and Henri Martens Thyroid hormone by Jacques Nunez Thyrotropin-releasing hormone by Ivor Jackson Time perception by Ernst Pöppel and Marc Wittmann Tinnitus by Sylviane Chéry-Croze Tissue culture by Stanley M. Crain Tobacco, cigarette smoking, and nicotine by Murray E. Jarvik Touch in primates: tangible surfaces and their neuronal representation by Ian Darian-Smith and Corinna Darian-Smith Tourette's disorder by Raul R. Silva, Lena S. Kessler and Vilma Gabbay Toxicology, behavioral by Bernard Weiss Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain by David Cohen, Keith Chiappa and Didier Cros Transcranial magnetic stimulation: probing human brain function noninvasively by Lotfi B. Merabet, Hugo Théoret and Alvaro Pascual-Leone Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) by Bruce Pomeranz Tremor by Rodger J. Elble Trigeminal nerve by Thomas E. Finger, Wayne L. Silver and Bruce Bryant Trigeminal neuralgia by Seth Love Trigeminal neuralgia [Classic paper] by William H. Sweet† Triune brain by Paul D. MacLean Tryptophan by Richard J. Wurtman Tumor necrosis factor-alpha: neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders by Hymie Anisman and Shawn Hayley Tumors of the brain and the spinal cord by Said Baidas and Robert L. Martuza Twin studies and the genetics of mental disorders in the genomic age by Susan L. Trumbetta and Irving I. Gottesman Tyr-MIF-1 family of peptides by Abba J. Kastin, Rudolph H. Ehrensing and James E. Zadina Tyrosine by Timothy J. Maher   V   Vagus nerve and control of the autonomic nervous system by Madhu Kalia Valproate (Depakote) by Robert M. Post Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by James W. Ironside Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide by Sami I. Said Vasopressin and oxytocin by Earl A. Zimmerman Vegetative state by Fred Plum Vertigo by Joseph G. Feghali Vesicles, neurosecretory by John Morris and Harold Gainer Vestibular system by Joel C. Glover Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) by W. Michael King Virtual environments and the cyberadaptation syndrome by James R. Lackner and Paul DiZio Viscerosensory functions by György Ádám Vision, deprivation studies by Nigel W. Daw Vision, extrageniculostriate by Tauba Pasik and Pedro Pasik Vision, visual cortex and conjoint space-spatial frequency analysis by Daniel A. Pollen and James P. Gaska Visual adaptation by Gordon L. Fain Visual aftereffects by Jeremy M. Wolfe Visual cortex, extrastriate by John H.R. Maunsell Visual development by Leo M. Chalupa Visual development, infant by Richard Held Visual dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: dopaminergic neurotransmission by I. Bodis-Wollner Visual field by Hans Strasburger and Ernst Pöppel Visual form perception by Peter U. Tse and Howard C. Hughes Visual motion perception by Ellen C. Hildreth Visual perception by Jeremy M. Wolfe Visual system development, invertebrates by Ian A. Meinertzhagen and Peter Robin Hiesinger Visual system, organization by John Allman Visual transduction by Gordon L. Fain Visual-vestibular interaction [Classic paper] by Volker Henn† Vocal communication, nonverbal by Uwe Jürgens Voltage clamp by Charles F. Stevens Voltage-gated ion channels: regulation of membrane potential and membrane excitability by Robert L. Ruff Voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels: role in the pathogenesis of hypokalemic periodic paralysis by Robert L. Ruff, Jacob Levitt and Barbara E. Shapiro Vomeronasal organ by Mike Meredith   W   Williams syndrome: from cognition to brain to gene by Ursula Bellugi, Paul Wang and Julie R. Korenberg Wilson's disease by Dominique Muller and Joseph A. Ghika Writer's cramp by Nagako Murase and Ryuji Kaji   X   Xanthines: caffeine and theophylline by Robert F. Burns Xenotransplantation, brain by Peyman Pakzaban, Lindsay H. Burns and Ole Isacson   Y   Yawning by Robert R. Provine   Z   Zebrafish, development and genetics by Michael Brand Zebrins: markers of cerebellar topography by Richard Hawkes Zinc in the nervous system by Jae-Young Koh and Dennis W. Choi Zoster and postherpetic neuralgia by Anne A. Gershon                  Copyright © 2004 Elsevier. All rights reserved.