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F-ratio, speech features 8: 4088
Fa d'Ambu 3: 1142
Fabrica del mondo, La (Alunno) 2: 920; 7: 3547
Fabrications (in frame analysis) 3: 1451
Fabula (histoire; story) 5: 2680
Face
  in conversation 5: 2688
  differences, different construals of self 6: 3208
  discourse, cross-linguistic/cross-cultural contexts 2: 960, 961, 962
  negative 6: 3206, 3255
  politeness as face-saving activity 6: 3206
  positive 6: 3206, 3255
  power relations 6: 3246
  pragmatic universals 6: 3259
  threatening acts
    avoiding 6: 3207
    bald on record 6: 3207
    `Dugri' speech 2: 1070
Face muscles 8: 4157
  electromyographical studies 8: 4185
Factivity 3: 1205
Fact(s)
  brute 4: 2076, 2077
  evidential 4: 2078
  legal language and 4: 2075-2080
  legal language and
    rules and 4: 2076, 2079
  normative 4: 2075
  propositions and 6: 3378
  proved 4: 2078
  question of 4: 2077
Faga uvea 5: 2787
Fajut 7: 3841
Faladu 7: 3841
Falata 8: 4403
Falc'hun, Francois 3: 1205-1206
Fali 1: 24
Faliscan 4: 1792
Falkland Islands, language situation 3: 1206
Fallacy/Fallacies
  reductive 5: 2777
  rhetoric 7: 3572
  syncategorematic terms and 8: 4452
False consciousness, theory of 8: 4028
Falsetto, mutational 2: 1035
Falsifiability 3: 1206; 9: 4928
Falsity 9: 4770
  deniability and 6: 2932
  minimal 6: 3316
  propositions, medieval philosophy of language 6: 3022
  radical 6: 3316
  see also Truth
Fam 2: 442
Families
  interaction process analysis 4: 1710
  language use in, immigrants in Canada 8: 4029
Families, language 2: 636
  family trees 2: 640, 642
  relationships 2: 640
  subgroups, development 2: 640
Family resemblance 3: 1206-1209
  and concepts 3: 1207, 1208
  and definition 3: 1207
  inference and 3: 1689
  and language, essence of 3: 1208
  meaning and 3: 1208
  proper names and 3: 1208
  and rules 3: 1207, 1208, 1689; 7: 3622
Fanakalo (Fanagalo) 3: 1209-1210; 6: 3180; 8: 4071
Fang 3: 1142, 1342
Fanquie 2: 689
Fanshel, David 6: 3408
Fant, Gunner 3: 1209-1210
Fantasy, artificial languages 5: 2796
Fante (Fanti) 1: 63; 5: 2800
Far East Broadcasting Association (FEBA) 1: 405
Far East Broadcasting Company (FEBC) 1: 405
Faroe Islands, language situation 2: 859
Faroese 3: 1426
Farsi see Persian
Fatalism, modal logic and 5: 2508
Fauchet, Claude 7: 3539
Favre de Vaugelas, Claude see Vaugelas, Claude Favre de
Fax machines 9: 4807
  use in language teaching 4: 2019
Fca 7: 3841
Feasibility, in learnability theory 4: 2062
Feature sets, and unification grammars 4: 2298
Feature specifications 2: 480, 481
Feature structure based grammars 9: 4762
Feature structures, in Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar 3: 1532
Featuredness 5: 2591
Features 2: 480, 481
    classificatory 7: 3561
  conflation with markedness 5: 2381
  differentiation from markedness 5: 2382
  distinctive see Distinctive features
  matching see Agreement
  phonetic 7: 3561
  phonological 3: 1388; 7: 3561
    articulator-bound 5: 2829
    binary 2: 1045; 7: 3561
    cover features 2: 1047
    dependency phonology 2: 1046
    diacritic 2: 896-900
    feature geometry 5: 2829
    generative phonology 2: 1044, 1045, 1046, 1048
    inherent 2: 1049
    non-linear phonology and 2: 1049
    organization 2: 1049
    prosodic 2: 1049
    scalar 2: 1045, 1046
    unary (single-valued; singulary) 2: 1045, 1046
    see also Distinctive features, phonology
  semantic see Semantic features
  syntactic see Syntactic features
  values of 2: 480
Feedback
  auditory, in treatment of stuttering 6: 2982
  complete, communication systems 2: 875
  social groups' goals and 7: 3976
  treatment of language disorders 6: 2982
Feeding, rule ordering 5: 2762; 7: 3616
  counterfeeding 7: 3618
Feelings see Emotions
Feet 3: 1270-1272; 6: 3131
  boundaries 3: 1271
  degenerate 3: 1271
  and rhythm 3: 1271; 6: 3132
  stress 6: 3061; 9: 5017
Feist, Sigmund 3: 1428
Felicity, in discourse 2: 945
Felicity conditions 6: 3272
  in advertising 5: 2416
  context in 2: 732
  speech acts 3: 1210-1213; 8: 4127, 4129
    executive 3: 1210, 1211; 8: 4129
    fulfillment 3: 1210, 1213; 8: 4129
    preparatory 3: 1210, 1212, 1213; 8: 4129, 4130
    sincerity 3: 1210, 1212; 8: 4129
  text pragmatics 9: 4579
Feminism 4: 2007
  analysis of woman's language 2: 786
  conversational analysis input 2: 944
  critical linguistics input 2: 941
  explanations of gender differences in language 7: 3866
  genre theories 3: 1409
  and language 3: 1359
  language change, suggestions for
  and literary analysis 8: 4363; 9: 5036
  and reform of sexist language 7: 3868, 3870
  resistance to male domination 6: 3249
Feminist pedagogies 6: 2996
Fengu 9: 5084
Fenno-Ugric languages 2: 630, 631; 3: 1559
Feraud, Abbe 3: 1302
Ferguson, Charles A. 3: 1213-1214
  diglossia 2: 926-930
Ferrein, Antoine
  voicing 6: 3107
Ferring 4: 1989
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb
  and role of intellectuals 4: 1694
Ficino, Marsilio 7: 3540
Fick, August (Konrad Friedrich) 3: 1214-1216, 1560
Fiction(s)
  Basic English 1: 312
  code, use of dialect 2: 577
  and Cooperative Principle 4: 2251, 2252
  historical, archaisms in 1: 206
  and imagination 4: 2264, 2265
  invented language in 4: 1759-1761
  legal 4: 2089
  linguistic choices in, reflection of mind-style 5: 2504
  logic of 2: 894; 3: 1215-1216
    logico-semantic theories 3: 1215
    as paraphrase 3: 1215
    possible worlds theory and 3: 1215
    pragmatic theories 3: 1215
  mimesis and 4: 2263
  proper names and 5: 2668
  as speech acts 3: 1215
  verisimilitude 4: 2264
Field, Hartry
  and necessity 5: 2766
Field, language 1: 428
Field theory
  semantics see Fields
  syntax 2: 924
Field work 3: 1219-1221
  data collection 3: 1220
  dialectology 3: 1220
  first analysis 3: 1219
  informants 3: 1221
  methods 3: 1219-1221
    data collection 3: 1220
    fourth floor method 3: 1221
    interpreter for target language 3: 1220
    monolingual 3: 1220
    phonetic transcriptions 3: 1220
    variation 3: 1221
  Observer's Paradox 3: 1221
  transcription 3: 1219
    alphabetical 3: 1219
    phonetic 3: 1220
  variation 3: 1221
    fourth floor method 3: 1221
Fields
  conceptual 4: 2146
  lexical see Lexical fields
  morphosemantic 4: 2146
  semantic 4: 2146
    see also Lexical fields
  word 4: 2146
    see also Lexical fields
Figurae etymologicae 9: 4910
Figurative language
  indexicals and 3: 1651
  phraseology 6: 3169
Figures of speech 3: 1221-1224
  Ancient Greek grammar 2: 934
  classical rhetoric 3: 1222
  classification 3: 1223
  definitions, traditional 3: 1222
  listings 3: 1223
  modern criticism and stylistics 3: 1223
  translation 9: 4688
  see also names of specific figures of speech
Fiji, language situation 3: 1224
Fijian 1: 275
  coordination 2: 763
  nouns 3: 1683
  use of, Fiji 3: 1224
  Fiji Bat 3: 1224
  Pidgin Fijian 3: 1224
Fila-Mele 9: 4893
File-change semantics 3: 1224-1241
Fillmore, Charles 9: 4797
Fillmorean Case Grammar 2: 457
Filmology Movement 3: 1228
Film(s)
  analysis, diegesis 3: 1238
  case grammar of 3: 1237
  cinemes 3: 1232
  codes 3: 1232, 1233
  discourse analysis in 3: 1227, 1236
  double articulation in 3: 1229, 1230, 1232
  dubbing 2: 1066-1069
  enonciation/enonce 3: 1232, 1234, 1237
  expressiveness, signification factor 3: 1225
  Formalist theories 3: 1227, 1237
  grammar of 3: 1225, 1226
  Grande syntagmatique 3: 1230, 1233, 1238
  ideological interpellation in 3: 1234, 1235
  images
    actualization 3: 1229
    iconicity of 3: 1227
    linguistic status 3: 1231
  invented languages in 4: 1760
  language of 3: 1225, 1226, 1230
  langue/parole conditions 3: 1229, 1233
  and linguistics 3: 1225-1241
  in mass communication 5: 2422, 2425
  mime and 5: 2503
  narration and point of view 3: 1237
  narrative grammar 3: 1227, 1231
  narratology 3: 1227, 1236
  semio-pragmatics 3: 1236, 1237
  semiotics 3: 1225
    feminist 3: 1235
    histoire/discours 3: 1234
    psychoanalytic 3: 1226
  signification in 3: 1225, 1227, 1229
    and representation 3: 1226, 1235
  spectator role 3: 1225, 1228, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1238
  Structuralist theories 3: 1228
  subtitling
    silent films 8: 4398
    translation by 2: 1066-1069
    used with sound 8: 4399
  suture concept 3: 1226, 1234
  text grammar 3: 1236
    and filmic competence 3: 1236
  textual analysis 3: 1230
  triple articulation in 3: 1232
Filters
  acoustic 8: 4114
    vocal tract 8: 4115
  determiners 2: 879, 880
  morpheme structure conditions as 7: 3484
  presupposition 6: 3359
  in Revised Extended Standard Theory 9: 4797
  speech signal processing 7: 3937
    digital 7: 3938
    filter banks 7: 3941, 3942
    impulse responses 7: 3939
    spectral analysis 7: 3941
  vocal tract, formant synthesis 8: 4269
Finck, Franz Nikolaus 3: 1241
Fine, K.
  and generic attribution/arbitrary objects 1: 205
Fingerspelling 1: 86; 3: 1241-1244; 7: 3897, 4016
Fingerspelling
  acquisition 3: 1242
  Asia 7: 3921
  connections to writing systems 3: 1242
  International Hand Alphabet 3: 1241
  origins 3: 1241
  and sign language 3: 1242
  South America 7: 3926
  two-handed; 3: 1243-1244
  uses 3: 1242
    with deaf children 2: 888
Finite clauses
  clause subordination 7: 3852
  cognitive grammar 2: 593
  generative grammar 3: 1245
  prepositions 6: 3305
Finite state automaton 3: 1244
Finite-state grammars 8: 4355
Finite state languages 9: 4652
  identification in the limit 4: 1913, 1914
Finite state machines 3: 1244
  quantifiers 6: 3427
Finite state techniques 3: 1244-1248
Finite state transducer 3: 1245
Finite state transition network 2: 661; 3: 1244
Finite subordinate clauses 7: 3856
Finiteness 3: 1245-1248; 8: 4393
  clauses 3: 1245
  combinability, overt subject 3: 1245, 1246
  dependent verb forms 3: 1246
  morphology 3: 1246
  subjunctives 3: 1245
  verbs 3: 1245-1248
Finland, language situation 3: 1248
Finnic languages 3: 1249
  Pre-Finnic 3: 1249
Finnish 3: 1248-1250
  contrastive analysis with English 2: 742
  doubly semilingualism among speakers 7: 3813
  genetic relationship 3: 1248
  grammar 3: 1250
    adjectives 1: 32
    auxiliaries 1: 284, 287
    case 2: 451, 452, 453
    complementizers 8: 4393
    finiteness of infinitives 3: 1246
  history
    prehistory 3: 1249
    of written language 3: 1249
  language for specific purposes, diachronic studies 4: 2014
  phonology 3: 1250; 9: 4856
    consonant gradation 5: 2827, 2828
    vowel harmony, loanwords 4: 2275
  sign language 3: 1248
  teaching 5: 2584
  use of
    Estonia 3: 1146
    Finland 3: 1248
    Norway 5: 2837
    Sweden 8: 4424
  Early Finnish 3: 1249
  Early Modern Finnish 3: 1249
  Old Finnish 3: 1249
Finno-Ugric languages 3: 1248; 9: 4855
  Proto-Finno-Ugric 3: 1249
Firbas, Jan 3: 1250-1251
Fireflies, communication 4: 1762
First Grammatical Treatise (Icelandic, anon) 3: 1251-1257; 6: 3103
First language(s) 5: 2722
  acquisition see Acquisition of language
  classification 7: 3715
First order language, domain structure 5: 2520
First-order logics, in machine translation 1: 230
Firth, J.R. 3: 1257-1260; 6: 3158; 9: 4794
  prosodic phonology 6: 3158-3164
  views on language 6: 3158
Fischer, C.S. 7: 3963
Fischer, Johann Eberhard 2: 630
Fischer-Jorgensen, Eli 3: 1260
Fishes
  communication 3: 1260-1265
    acoustical 3: 1262
    chemical 3: 1263
    electrical 3: 1264
    olfactory system 3: 1263
    visual 3: 1261
  hearing 3: 1262
  sound production 3: 1263
Fishman, Joshua A. 3: 1265-1266
Fission, vowels 2: 865
Five-Step Learning theory, foreign languages, Japan 4: 1807
Fixed expressions, spoken language 8: 4303
Fixed phrases, formulaic speech 3: 1292
Fixing of language 2: 776
  see also Standard languages
Flaaitaal 8: 4071
Flap consonants 6: 3063
  production 6: 3063, 3064
Flattery
  Machiavellianism and 7: 3975
  management and 7: 3975
Flection(al) languages see Inflecting languages
Flemish 1: 324
  Dutch-Flemish proto-language 2: 630
  use of, France 3: 1295
  West Flemish, agreement 1: 57
Fleuriot, Leon 3: 1266-1267
Flexner, Stuart Berg 7: 3962
Flight of ideas 3: 1267-1270
Flirting, control 3: 1189
Florio, John 2: 917
Fluency
  assessment 6: 2970
  disorders 2: 999-1006
    brain function in 2: 1001, 1004
    linguistic factors 2: 1001
    see also names of specific disorders
  psychoanalysis and 6: 3409
  reference groups and 7: 3492
  shaping 2: 1006
Flytaal see Tsotsi-taal
Fobo 4: 2206
Focalization in narrative 5: 2681, 2692; 8: 4300
  external/internal 5: 2692
  ideological 5: 2693
  types 5: 2693
Focalizers, tectogrammatics 2: 869
Focus 3: 1679
  anaphor resolution 7: 3488
  autolexical syntax 1: 282
  broad, intonation 4: 1754
  constraint
    and causal clauses 2: 679
    and concessive clauses 2: 679, 681
    and resultative clauses 2: 679
  definition, syntactic 9: 4634
  and dependency structure 9: 4635
  functional grammar 3: 1321
  functional relations 3: 1332
  highlighted by stress 8: 4484, 4486
  marked, emphasis 9: 4635
  narrow, intonation 4: 1754
  and old/new information 3: 1681; 8: 4485
  operational test, Prague School 6: 3290
  Philippine languages 9: 4939
  pragmatic primitives 9: 4635, 4639
  Prague School 6: 3286, 3289
  presupposed, information structure 3: 1679
  presupposition distinction 8: 4484
  and pronouns, natural language generation 5: 2746
  in questions 3: 1678
  reference and 7: 3501, 3503
  stress and relevance implications 8: 4485, 4486
  suprasegmental, word order 9: 4635
  unmarked, syntactic structure; 9: 4638, 4639
  word order 9: 4633
    extraposition 9: 4639
    right dislocation 9: 4639
Focus particles
  and concessives 2: 679, 680; 3: 1267-1270
Focus spaces
  anaphor resolution 7: 3489
Fodor, Jerry A.
  on cognitive processes 5: 2477
  and concepts 2: 676
  and evidence 1: 1
  on language of thought 5: 2410
  and methodological solipsism 5: 2476, 2477
Fogel, Martin 2: 630
Folk etymology 3: 1267-1270; 5: 2611; 6: 3390
Folk narrative 5: 2680
Folk psychology
  and intentionality 4: 1706
Folk tales
  morphology 4: 2217; 5: 2681
  and values 9: 4888, 4890
Folk taxonomy
  Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 7: 3660, 3661
  thesauruses 9: 4604
Folklore
  children
    English; 5: 2876
    Opies (Peter and Iona) and; 5: 2876
  esoteric-exoteric factor 8: 4349
  stereotypes 8: 4349
Fon 4: 1883; 1: 329, 330
Fonctemes 2: 649
Fonds, Gustave Guillaume 3: 1508
Foni 7: 3841
Fopo 4: 1877
Force
  in Frege's theory of meaning 3: 1299
  illocutionary, and meaning 6: 3018
  see also Agents
Forchhammer, Jorgen, Weltlautschrift 6: 3051
Foregrounding 3: 1272-1275
  defamiliarization 3: 1273, 1285
  deviation 3: 1272, 1273; 5: 2504; 8: 4380
  information structure 3: 1678, 1679
  intertextual similarity 4: 1753
  literary language 4: 2217, 2247
  parallelism 3: 1272, 1273, 1274
  for poetic effects 3: 1273, 1274; 8: 4367
  prominence 3: 1273
  and relevance 8: 4485
  and text interpretation 7: 3510
  universality 3: 1273
  use of passive voice 3: 1684
    for discourse cohesion 3: 1684
Foreign languages
  acquisition, use of term 7: 3715
  classification distinction from second languages 7: 3715
    and teaching 7: 3715
  discrimination by infants 1: 293; 4: 1925
  learning, use of term 7: 3715
  for main entry term see Second languages
Foreign workers, language policies 6: 3271
Foreigner talk 1: 169; 2: 959; 3: 1087, 1275-1276; 6: 3182; 7: 3718
  contexts 3: 1275
  language of tourism 9: 4643
  linguistic indices 3: 1275
  in literature 3: 1275
  reduction in 3: 1275
  relation with pidgins 3: 1275
  similarity to child-directed speech 4: 1909
  study
    methods 3: 1275
  users 3: 1275
Forensic phonetics 6: 3099-3101
Forensic rhetoric 7: 3571
Forgetters
  dying languages 4: 1960
Form
  account, in linguistic criticism 3: 1284
  and function, relation to textual context 3: 1286
  functional explanation of language design 3: 1314
  of language 9: 4738
    arbitrariness 3: 1635
    autonomy 3: 1635
    expression 9: 4738
  logical see Logical form
Form-filling, automated 8: 4286
Formal events, silence as norm 2: 748
Formal Grammar
  derivations 4: 2194
  and descriptive grammar
    fundamental opposition 3: 1455
  lexicon in 4: 2193-2195
  pronouns 3: 1458
Formal language
  elaborated code 3: 1096
  see also Codes, elaborated
Formal languages, semantic rules 7: 3623
Formal linguistics, contrast with experimental linguistics 3: 1193
Formal semantics see Semantics, formal
Formalism
  discourse 2: 941
  ideology in 3: 1642
  legal 4: 2121
  Russian 2: 909; 3: 1287-1292; 8: 4359, 4361
    defamiliarization 3: 1287, 1288, 1289; 4: 2247, 2265
    on film/language relations 3: 1227, 1236, 1237
    in linguistic criticism 3: 1284-1287; 4: 2219
    on literary language 3: 2247; 8: 4367
    on narrative 3: 1288, 1289; 5: 2680
    and orality 3: 1289
    poetics 3: 1287
    and realism 3: 1289, 1290
    `skaz' 3: 1289, 1290; 5: 2698
    study of literature 4: 2217
    verse theory 3: 1290
    on versification 3: 1288; 7: 3574
  in tagmemics 9: 4519
Formality
  honorifics 3: 1606
  in service encounters 9: 4642
Formalization
  componential analysis in 5: 2411
  lexical semantics 4: 2161, 2162
  meaning postulates in 5: 2411
Formalized language, and cognition 2: 595
Formants 7: 3940
  analysis 8: 4116
  auditory influences 8: 4224
  bandwidths 8: 4117
    nasals 8: 4123
    vowels 8: 4120
  experimental phonetics, history 6: 3093
  frequencies 8: 4078, 4115
    differences 8: 4080-4082
    disordered speech 2: 1019
    vowels 8: 4120
  ranges 8: 4081, 4083
  scales 8: 4080, 4082
  speaker verification 8: 4089
  speech synthesis 8: 4265
    cascade formant synthesisers 8: 4266, 4267
    hybrid formant synthesisers 8: 4267
    parallel formant synthesisers 8: 4267, 4268
  and vowels 8: 4080
Formatives
  Generative Grammar 5: 2544, 2545
  readjustment rules 7: 3559
Formey, Johann Heinrich Samuel 5: 2885
Formosan languages 1: 275
Formulae spiritalis intelligentiae (Eucherius) 3: 1438
Formulae-as-types 9: 4804
Formulaic speech 3: 1292, 1293
  commonplaces 3: 1292
  epithets 3: 1293
  functions 3: 1293
  loci communes 3: 1292
  pragmatic devices 4: 1712
  properties 3: 1293
  social identity indication 3: 1293
  socio-cultural knowledge incorporation 3: 1293
  syntactic deviance 3: 1293
Formulas
  closed 3: 1292
  open 3: 1292
  philosophy 3: 1292
  phraseology 6: 3169, 3170
  poetic 3: 1292, 1293
  predicate logical language 3: 1277
  ritualistic 3: 1292
  routine 3: 1292
    in conversation management 3: 1292
    formulaic speech 3: 1292
    interjections 4: 1712, 1714
    phraseology 6: 3170
    politeness 6: 3209
    in vocabulary learning and teaching 1: 177-179
  in speech see Formulaic speech
  speech-act 6: 3170
  types of formulaic expressions 3: 1292
FORTH (computer language) 2: 666
Fortition, natural phonology 5: 2761, 2762
FORTRAN (computer language) 2: 664, 665, 666, 669
Fortunatius, Atilius 7: 3596
Fortunio, Giovan Francesco 7: 3546
Fossilization
  interlanguage 4: 1715, 1716, 1718
  phonological
    cerebral lateralization and 4: 1718
  in second language learning 1: 183
  syntactic patterns 8: 4466
Foucault, Michel 3: 1293, 1294
  and collective representation theory 2: 606
  and discourse 2: 965
  and intellectuals 4: 1695
  literary criticism 9: 5033, 5035
  and sociology of knowledge 7: 4021
  on truth 2: 606
Foundationalism 3: 1294, 1295
Foundations of linguistics 3: 1294-1296
  epistemological 3: 1294, 1295
  ontological 3: 1294, 1295
  theoretical 3: 1295
Four-letter words 9: 4513
  iconicity 3: 1631
Fourier analysis 7: 3932, 3939; 8: 4111
Fourier series 7: 3932; 8: 4111
Fourier transforms 7: 3932, 3934; 8: 4112
  discrete 7: 3939
  fast 7: 3939
  properties 7: 3932
  spectral analysis 7: 3940
  windowing 7: 3934
Fox 1: 70, 71
Frafra (Guruni) 3: 1434, 1515
Frame analysis 3: 1451
  and definition of the situation 2: 852
Frames 3: 1451
  Artificial Intelligence, representation of knowledge 2: 602
  and assumptions, in drama 2: 950
  context in 2: 732
  and definition of the situation 2: 852
  primary 3: 1451
  scenes-and-frames semantics 7: 3676, 3677
  situational, context in 2: 733
Frames of mind, situation semantics 7: 3958
Francais classique, Le: lexique de la langue du dix-septieme siecle (Cayrou) 3: 1304
France
  extraterritorial language promotion 6: 3364
  information technology research 8: 4335
  language planning 3: 1297
  language situation 3: 1295
  lexicography 3: 1301; 5: 2436-2437; 7: 3538
  linguistic atlases 2: 823, 901; 3: 1435
  rationalization of language 5: 2626
  standardization of language 2: 776
Francis I of France, Edict of Villers-Cotterets 5: 2711
Francisci Filius see Junius, Franciscus
Franciscus Junius see Junius, Franciscus
Franco-Provencal 4: 1793
Franconian
  Old Low Franconian 3: 1426
  Middle Franconian 1: 324
  Mosella Franconian see Lorrain
Franglais 3: 1296-1298
  bilingual code-switching 3: 1658
Frankish 3: 1426
Franklin, Benjamin
  alphabet 6: 3043
Franzosisches Etymologisches Worterbuch (von Wartburg) 3: 1303, 1304
FRAP (machine translation system) 9: 4735
Free association 3: 1298
Free sorting task
  age variations and performance 4: 1901
Free word order languages 2: 723, 724
Freedom of the press 6: 3346, 3347
Frege, Gottlob 3: 1298, 1299
  and bivalence 9: 4870
  Carnap and 2: 446
  compositionality thesis see Compositionality, principle of
  on ideal language 6: 3353; 9: 4985, 4987
  on identity statements 5: 2667
  on indexicals 3: 1648, 1650; 6: 3020
  and language 3: 1298; 4: 2291
  and linguistic philosophy 4: 2226
  logic 3: 1298; 4: 2284, 2290
  on logical form 4: 2300
  logical semantics 3: 1299
  logical syntax 3: 1299
  logicism 3: 1298; 4: 2226; 5: 2874; 7: 3863
  mental concepts, presentation modes 4: 1707
  and norms 4: 1708
  notation, conceptual 4: 2290
    and language 4: 2291
  Peirce and 6: 2298
  and philosophy of language 6: 3015
  and predicate calculus 3: 1252
  presuppositions 6: 3313, 3315
  and private language 6: 3353
  and proper names 6: 3019; 7: 3496
  and propositions 6: 3378, 3380
  on quantification 6: 3423
  on reasoning 7: 3473
  and reference failure 2: 894
  theory of meaning 2: 894; 3: 1299, 1641, 1648; 5: 2407; 7: 3497, 3842
    and Cognitive Science 2: 594
    Husserl and 3: 1621
  and truth-functional operators 9: 4772
  and truth tables 9: 4773
  and vagueness 9: 4870
  Wittgenstein and 9: 4985
Frege's principle see Compositionality, principle of
Frei, Henri 3: 1404, 1406
Freising Fragments 9: 4524
Fremdworterbuch 3: 1422, 1423
French 3: 1299-1301
  acceptance in France 6: 3229
  `advanced French', Frei and 3: 1406
  agreement 1: 58, 59
  alphabet reform 7: 3538
  Anglo-American influence, concern about 3: 1296
  comparative linguistics 2: 634
  complementizers 8: 4393
  complex words, word division 4: 2189
  constructions 3: 1300
  contextual neutralization 5: 2379
  diacritics, French Renaissance linguistics 7: 3537
  dialectology 9: 4791
  dictionaries
    Academie francaise 2: 777
    bilingual, 16th century 7: 3536, 3538
    bilingual, early printed 5: 2437
    bilingual, in manuscript 5: 2436
    early 7: 3536
    eighteenth-century 5: 2712
    Estienne to present 3: 1301-1304
    etymological 3: 1302, 1304; 9: 4964
    origins 3: 1301
    period 3: 1304, 1305
    sixteenth century 7: 3538
  diphthongization 5: 2566
  etymologies (works), 16th century 7: 3536
  etymology, French Renaissance linguistics 7: 3536-3539
  extraterritorial promotion 6: 3364
  fusion 5: 2550
  gender pattern 3: 1348, 1350-1352
  genetic relationship 3: 1299
  glossematics, example 3: 1442
  grammar 3: 1300
    description, French Renaissance linguistics 7: 3537
    Encyclopedistes 9: 4648
    Guillaumian linguistics 3: 1508; 9: 4794
    Latin/French letter correspondences 7: 3536
    Les clarcissements de la langue francoyse 6: 2915
    see also under subheadings for specific facets of grammar
  grammarians, influence of 3: 1301
  grammars (works)
    early 7: 3536, 3537
    foreign language learners, 16th century 7: 3536, 3537
    mentalist 7: 3536
  grammatical description, French Renaissance linguistics 7: 3537
  history 3: 1300
    16th century 7: 3539
    Code Michaud 5: 2711
    Edict of Villers-Cotterets 5: 2711
    and nationality 5: 2711
  influence
    on English 3: 1126, 1301; 5: 2490
    on European languages 3: 1301
  international status 4: 1726; 6: 3241
  invented spelling studies 2: 514
  as language of law 4: 2082, 2084
    in England 4: 2083, 2084
  Latin grammar, application 9: 4647
  lexicography
    16th century 7: 3538
    medieval and early Renaissance 5: 2436, 2437
  lexicon grammar, application 4: 2195-2205
  as lingua franca, in 17th century 4: 2022
  linguistic atlases 2: 823, 901
  linguistic regulation 2: 777
  loanwords 3: 1299, 1300
    from English 3: 1296; 4: 2274
  morphological markers 3: 1300, 1301
  morphology
    Anglo-American influence 3: 1296
    French Renaissance linguistics 7: 3536, 3537
  and music 5: 2638
  nationalism and 5: 2710, 2711
  nominatives, Old French oblique origin 5: 2382
  noun phrases
    Port Royal school 9: 4648
    Vaugelas 9: 4648
  number, syntax 5: 2858, 2859
  origins, 16th century theses 7: 3539
  orthography 3: 1300
    des Autels and 7: 3538
    Meigret and 7: 3537, 3538
    reform 7: 3537, 3538, 3543
    reform, univocity movement 7: 3536, 3537
    de Sainliens and 7: 3537
  overseas varieties 3: 1301
  phonetics
    Armstrong and 1: 222
    point and manner of articulation, French Renaissance linguistics 7: 3537
  phonology 3: 1299, 1300
    French Renaissance linguistics 7: 3537
    liaison 5: 2606; 8: 4435
    nasalization 3: 1300; 4: 1724; 5: 2728
    sandhi 1: 195
    stress 3: 1299, 1301; 9: 5017
    vowels 3: 1300; 5: 2728
  politics, diachronic linguistics evidence 7: 3539
  prepositions
    case 2: 452
    inflected 6: 3304
  pronunciation 3: 1300
    French Renaissance linguistics 7: 3537, 3538, 3539
  reflexives 7: 3505
  Renaissance linguistics 7: 3542
  resultatives 7: 3563
  sociolinguistics 3: 1301
  standard 3: 1300
  standardization 2: 776
    printing and 2: 776
  syntax; 9: 4794
    Anglo-American influence 3: 1296
    French Renaissance linguistics 7: 3536, 3537
    word forms 9: 4648
    word order 9: 4648
  thetic/categorical distinction 9: 4605
  use of 3: 1299
    Africa 6: 3245
    Algeria 1: 69
    Belgium 1: 323
    Benin 1: 329
    Burkina Faso 1: 4311
    Burundi 1: 437
    Cameroun 2: 442
    Canada 2: 445
    Central African Republic 2: 496
    Chad 2: 498, 500
    Channel Islands 2: 781
    Comoros 2: 624
    Congo 2: 691
    Djibouti 2: 1054
    England, as legal language 4: 2083, 2084
    England (Norman French) 5: 2488
    Equatorial Guinea 3: 1142
    France 3: 1295, 1301
    French Guiana 3: 1303, 1304
    French Polynesia 3: 1305
    Gabon 3: 1341
    Guadeloupe 3: 1507
    Guinea-Conakry 3: 1511, 1512
    Haiti 3: 1520; 6: 3243
    Italy 4: 1793
    Ivory Coast 4: 1794
    Laos 4: 2050
    Lebanon 4: 2069
    Luxembourg 4: 2311
    Madagascar 5: 2341
    Mali 5: 2354
    Martinique 5: 2390
    Mauritius 5: 2398
    Mayotte 5: 2400
    Monaco 5: 2523
    Morocco 5: 2543
    as mother tongue 8: 4344
    New Caledonia 5: 2787
    Niger 5: 2799
    non-standard/popular 3: 1301
    number of speakers 6: 3364
    as official language 8: 4344, 4345
    Reunion 7: 3567
    Rwanda 7: 3636
    St Pierre and Miquelon 7: 3641
    Senegal 7: 3841
    spoken/written 3: 1301
    Switzerland 8: 4430
    Syria 8: 4500
    Togo 9: 4620
    total number of speakers 8: 4346
    Tunisia 9: 4777
    UNESCO statistics 8: 4343, 4344, 4345, 4346
    United States 9: 4838
    Vanuatu 9: 4893
    Zaire 9: 5079
  verbs 3: 1300, 1301
    conjugation, guides, French Renaissance linguistics 7: 3537
    morphology 5: 2566
  vocabulary 3: 1299
    Anglo-American influence 3: 1296
    dictionary tradition of study 7: 3536
    expansion, 16th century 7: 3536, 3539
    military terminology 5: 2497
    neologisms 3: 1300; 7: 3536, 3539
    scientific nomenclature 7: 3686
    standardization 7: 3539
    technological nomenclature 9: 4539
    see also French, loanwords
  word-endings 3: 1299
  writing system 3: 1300
  written records 3: 1300
  Cajun French 9: 4838
  Canadian French 3: 1301
  Creole French 3: 1295
  Middle French 3: 1300
    dictionaries 3: 1304-1305
  Modern French 3: 1300
  Old French 3: 1300
    dictionaries 3: 1304-1305
    dictionaries, etymological 3: 1302
    markedness 5: 2382
    nouns 5: 2865
  see also France
French Alliance 6: 3364
French Guiana, language situation 3: 1303
French Guianese 3: 1303, 1304
French literature, databases, ARTFL 5: 2712
French Polynesia, language situation 3: 1305
French Schoole-maister, The (Hollyband) 2: 916
French Southern and Antarctic Lands, language situation 3: 1305
French Structuralism 1: 331, 332
Frequency
  acoustics 8: 4110
  bands, critical 8: 4413, 4415
  fundamental see Fundamental frequency
  voice see Voice (speech), frequencies
Frequency of use
  and language change 2: 634
    morphological 5: 2559
  and lexicalization 4: 2165
  markedness and 5: 2378; 9: 4810
  and suppletion 8: 4411
  words, and blocking 1: 373
Frequentatives
  valency changing, semantic categories 7: 3799
Freud, Sigmund
  dream interpretation 6: 3409
  free association 3: 1298
  and language 3: 1306-1307
  on language disorders 3: 1305-1306
Freudenthal, Hans 3: 1202
Freudian slips 3: 1305
Frication, aerodynamics 8: 4147
Fricatives 6: 3064
  acoustic properties 8: 4121
  alveopalatal 6: 3066
  Ancient Greek grammar 2: 933
  articulation 6: 3064
  aspiration 6: 3059
  epiglottal 6: 3067
  final, phonesthesia 8: 4066
  flat 6: 3064
  glottal 6: 3067
  grooved 6: 3064
  lateral 6: 3064
  pharyngeal 6: 3067
  sibilant 6: 3064, 3066
  spectrographic display 6: 3080, 3081
  synthesis 8: 4267
  voicing, aerodynamics 8: 4147
Friction noise 1: 226
Friedrich's ataxia
  speech and language disorders 6: 2974
Fries, Charles Carpenter 3: 1307-1309
Friesische Rechtsquellen (von Richthofen) 3: 1309
Frings, Theodor 3: 1428
Frisch, Karl von 3: 1597
Frisian 4: 1989; 5: 2779
  etymology 3: 1308
  lexicography 3: 1309-1310
  modern dictionaries 3: 1309
  plurals, markedness 5: 2382
  use 3: 1309
  East Frisian 3: 1429
    etymology 3: 1308, 1309
  Middle Frisian 3: 1309
    etymology 3: 1308
    lexicography 3: 1309
  Middle West Frisian
    lexicography 3: 1309
  Modern Frisian 3: 1309
    etymology 3: 1308
    lexicography 3: 1309
  North Frisian 3: 1309, 1429
    etymology 3: 1308, 1309
  Old Frisian 3: 1309
    dictionaries 3: 1309, 1428
    etymology 3: 1308
  West Frisian
    etymology 3: 1308, 1309
Fritzner, Johan 3: 1428
Friulian 4: 1789, 1793; 7: 3567
Fromant, Abbe 6: 3233
Fromkin, Victoria A. 3: 1310-1311
Fronting 2: 1018
Frontispieces 6: 3335
Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft (Fructifying Society) 3: 1422
Fry, Dennis Butler 3: 1311
Fryske Akademy 3: 1309
Fubini, Mario 5: 2775
Fujioka, Katsuji 3: 1311-1312
Fujitani Nariakira 3: 1312-1314
  Ayuisho 4: 1802
Ful/Fula/Fulani see Fulfulde
Fulda, Friedrich Karl 3: 1428
Fulfulde 1: 329; 2: 498; 3: 1313; 5: 2801
  consonant alternation 3: 1313
  dialects 3: 1314
  gender 3: 1348
  international status 6: 3245
  noun class system 3: 1313
  translation into 1: 346
  use of
    Benin 1: 329
    Burkina Faso 1: 431, 432
    Cameroun 2: 442
    Chad 2: 498
    Gambia 3: 1343
    Guinea-Bissau 3: 1511
    Guinea-Conakry 3: 1512
    Mali 5: 2354
    Niger 5: 2799
    Senegal 7: 3841
    Sierra Leone 7: 3883
    Sudan 8: 4403
    Togo 9: 4620
  verbal system 3: 1313
  writing systems 1: 47; 3: 1313
Full Interpretation, Principle of 3: 1384
Full Listing Hypothesis 5: 2570
Fuller, Lon
  natural law theory 4: 2059
Functional analysis 3: 1315
Functional categories
  distinction from lexical categories 6: 2942
Functional etiology 3: 1315
Functional explanations 3: 1314-1318
Functional Generative Description
  dependency 2: 863
  Prague School 6: 3287, 3291
Functional grammar 3: 1318-1327
  and accidence 3: 1326
  attitude to innate language organization 3: 1323
  attitude to transformation 3: 1323
  axiomatic approach 3: 1323, 1324
  clause model 3: 1319
    expression rules 3: 1321
    fund 3: 1319
    lexicon 3: 1319
    predicate formation 3: 1320
    term formation 3: 1319
    underlying clause structures 3: 1319, 1320
    underlying clause structures, natural language applications 3: 1322
    underlying clause structures, placement rules 3: 1322
    underlying clause structures, prosodic contour 3: 1322
  commutation test 3: 1324
  computational applications 3: 1322
  concord 3: 1325, 1326
  constituent ordering 3: 1318
  contribution to translation theory 9: 4692
  coordination 2: 763
  declension 3: 1326
  discontinuity 3: 1325
  double articulation 3: 1323
  empirico-deductive approach 3: 1323
  gender 3: 1325
  grammatical phrases 3: 1322
  and lexicon 3: 1324, 1326
  Martinet's model 3: 1323
  meta-theoretical principles 3: 1318
  modifiers 3: 1324
  monemes 3: 1324
    classes 3: 1325
    coordination 3: 1324, 1325
    discontinuous 3: 1325
    free/joint 3: 1324
  and morphology 3: 1326
  morphosyntax 3: 1318
  natural language user model 3: 1318, 1322
  nucleus/satellites relationship 3: 1324, 1325
  number 3: 1325
  parasynthemes 3: 1324
  and phonology 3: 1324
  pragmatics 3: 1318
  predicate 3: 1324
  psychology 3: 1318
  relators 3: 1325
  relevant substance 3: 1323
  semantics 3: 1318
  subject 3: 1324
  Subject-Predicate analysis 3: 1319
  subordination 3: 1324, 1325
  syllemma 3: 1325
  syntagms 3: 1322
  syntax 3: 1326
  synthematics 3: 1321
  synthemes 3: 1324
  and Systemic Theory 8: 4506
  textual ideology in 5: 2414
  typology 3: 1322
  universals 3: 1324
  verbs 3: 1325
Functional language type see Language for specific purposes
Functional linguistics
  functional motivations 3: 1317
  generativism, rejection 3: 1323
  Geneva School of Linguistics 3: 1406; 9: 4794
  historical survey 3: 1323
  linearity of speech omission 3: 1323
Functional model of language 6: 3270
Functional Parameterization Hypothesis 6: 2942
Functional relations 3: 1327-1338
  agent 3: 1328, 1329, 1330
  information structure 3: 1331, 1332
  left dislocation 3: 1332
  patient 3: 1328, 1330
  pragmatic 3: 1331
  semantic 3: 1327
    participant roles 3: 1328
    predicate/argument 3: 1327
    semantic macroroles 3: 1330
    semantic protoroles 3: 1330
    thematic relations 3: 1328
    syntactic theory roles 3: 1330
    universals 3: 1328
  syntactic 3: 1332
    use 3: 1335
  topicalization 3: 1332
Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP); 3: 1250
Functional shift (change) see Conversion
Functional - systemic linguistics see Systemic theory
Functional triangle
  Ausdruck, Darstellung, Appell 6: 3270
Functional Unification Grammar 9: 4836
Functional variety of language see Language for specific purposes
Functionalism
  axiomatic 3: 1338-1340; 5: 2617
  grammatical development 4: 1923
  in linguistic criticism 3: 1284
  and linguistic holism 3: 1591
  and mental representations 7: 3557
  Prague School 6: 3286; 9: 4794
  and synchronic autonomous linguistics 1: 283
Function(s)
  account, in linguistic criticism 3: 1284
  application 2: 609
  associational 7: 3791
  of categories 2: 480
  characteristic 2: 504-505; 7: 3863
    type theory 2: 482
  composition 2: 609; 3: 1314
  conative 7: 3791; 8: 4366
  dominant 4: 2217; 8: 4366
  emotive 8: 4366
  esthetic/non-esthetic distinction 3: 1285
  evaluative 5: 2696
  and form, relation to textual context 3: 1285
  formal semantics 3: 1314
  functional explanation of language design 3: 1315
  ideational 7: 3509
  internal criteria 3: 1285
  interpersonal 7: 3509
  of language 3: 1317
    and interaction process analysis 4: 1709
  metalingual 8: 4366
  organon-model 1: 428
  phatic 7: 3791; 8: 4366
  poetic 4: 2219, 2220; 7: 3791; 8: 4366, 4368, 4371
  referential 5: 2696; 7: 3791; 8: 4366, 4369
  set-theory 3: 1314; 7: 3863
  speech events and language functions 4: 1799
  textual 7: 3509; 8: 4371; 9: 4702
    topicalization 9: 4704, 4705
    translation and 9: 4702, 4703, 4704, 4705
  type theory 2: 482
  as use 3: 1285
Fundamental frequency 6: 3116
  declination 8: 4414
  downtrend 8: 4414
  graphs, pitch representation 8: 4413
  normalization 6: 3116
  and pitch 8: 4413
    range 8: 4414
  speech, calculation 8: 4117
  tone production 6: 3116
    perception 6: 3120
Funnies see Comics
Fur languages 5: 2805; 8: 4403
  phonology 5: 2807
Furetiere, Antoine 3: 1302
Furfey, Paul Hanly 9: 4798
Furnivall, Frederick 5: 2894
Furyu-monji 6: 3222
Fusion 5: 2550
  degrees of 5: 2556
  suppletion as 8: 4411
  vowels 2: 865
Fusional languages 4: 1955
Futuna-Aniwa 9: 4893
Futunan 9: 4961
Future
  Localism 4: 2280
Futurism
  and Formalism 3: 1287
Futurity
  subjunctive as marker of 5: 2540
Fuuta 7: 3841
Fuuta Jalon 3: 1512
Fwai 5: 2787
Fwe 5: 2674
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